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          EEPW首頁(yè) > 測(cè)試測(cè)量 > 設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)用 > usb鼠標(biāo)驅(qū)動(dòng)注解及測(cè)試

          usb鼠標(biāo)驅(qū)動(dòng)注解及測(cè)試

          作者: 時(shí)間:2013-10-12 來(lái)源:網(wǎng)絡(luò) 收藏

            可分為幾個(gè)部分:驅(qū)動(dòng)加載部分、probe部分、open部分、urb回調(diào)函數(shù)處理部分。

            下文陰影部分為注解。

            一、驅(qū)動(dòng)加載部分

            static int __init usb_mouse_init(void)

            {

            int retval = usb_register(usb_mouse_driver);//注冊(cè)

            if (retval == 0)

            info(DRIVER_VERSION ":" DRIVER_DESC);

            return retval;

            }

            其中usb_mouse_driver的定義為:

            static struct usb_driver usb_mouse_driver = {

            .owner = THIS_MODULE,

            .name = "usbmouse",

            .probe = usb_mouse_probe,

            .disconnect = usb_mouse_disconnect,

            .id_table = usb_mouse_id_table,

            };

            如果注冊(cè)成功的話,將會(huì)調(diào)用usb_mouse_probe。那么什么時(shí)候才算注冊(cè)成功呢?

            和其它驅(qū)動(dòng)注冊(cè)過(guò)程一樣,只有在其對(duì)應(yīng)的“總線”上發(fā)現(xiàn)匹配的“設(shè)備”才會(huì)調(diào)用probe??偩€匹配的方法和具體總線相關(guān),如:platform_bus_type中是判斷驅(qū)動(dòng)名稱和平臺(tái)設(shè)備名稱是否相同;那如何確認(rèn)usb總線的匹配方法呢?

            Usb設(shè)備是注冊(cè)在usb_bus_type總線下的。查看usb_bus_type的匹配方法。

            struct bus_type usb_bus_type = {

            .name = "usb",

            .match = usb_device_match,

            .hotplug = usb_hotplug,

            .suspend = usb_generic_suspend,

            .resume = usb_generic_resume,

            };

            其中usb_device_match定義了匹配方法

            static int usb_device_match (struct device *dev, struct device_driver *drv)

            {

            struct usb_interface *intf;

            struct usb_driver *usb_drv;

            const struct usb_device_id *id;

            /* check for generic driver, which we don't match any device with */

            if (drv == usb_generic_driver)

            return 0;

            intf = to_usb_interface(dev);

            usb_drv = to_usb_driver(drv);

            id = usb_match_id (intf, usb_drv->id_table);

            if (id)

            return 1;

            return 0;

            }

            可以看出usb的匹配方法是usb_match_id (intf, usb_drv->id_table),也就是說(shuō)通過(guò)比對(duì)“dev中intf信息”和“usb_drv->id_table信息”,如果匹配則說(shuō)明驅(qū)動(dòng)所對(duì)應(yīng)的設(shè)備已經(jīng)添加到總線上了,所以接下了就會(huì)調(diào)用drv中的probe方法注冊(cè)u(píng)sb設(shè)備驅(qū)動(dòng)。

            usb_mouse_id_table的定義為:

            static struct usb_device_id usb_mouse_id_table[] = {

            { USB_INTERFACE_INFO(3, 1, 2) },

            { } /* Terminating entry */

            };

            #define USB_INTERFACE_INFO(cl,sc,pr)

            .match_flags = USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_INT_INFO,

            .bInterfaceClass = (cl),

            .bInterfaceSubClass = (sc),

            .bInterfaceProtocol = (pr)

            鼠標(biāo)設(shè)備遵循USB人機(jī)接口設(shè)備(HID),在HID規(guī)范中規(guī)定鼠標(biāo)接口類碼為:

            接口類:0x03

            接口子類:0x01

            接口協(xié)議:0x02

            這樣分類的好處是設(shè)備廠商可以直接利用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的驅(qū)動(dòng)程序。除了HID類以外還有Mass storage、printer、audio等

            #define USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_INT_INFO

            (USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_INT_CLASS | USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_INT_SUBCLASS | USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_INT_PROTOCOL)

            匹配的過(guò)程為:

            usb_match_id(struct usb_interface *interface, const struct usb_device_id *id)

            {

            struct usb_host_interface *intf;

            struct usb_device *dev;

            /* proc_connectinfo in devio.c may call us with id == NULL. */

            if (id == NULL)

            return NULL;

            intf = interface->cur_altsetting;

            dev = interface_to_usbdev(interface);

            /* It is important to check that id->driver_info is nonzero,

            since an entry that is all zeroes except for a nonzero

            id->driver_info is the way to create an entry that

            indicates that the driver want to examine every

            device and interface. */

            for (; id->idVendor || id->bDeviceClass || id->bInterfaceClass ||

            id->driver_info; id++) {

            if ((id->match_flags USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_VENDOR)

            id->idVendor != le16_to_cpu(dev->descriptor.idVendor))

            continue;

            if ((id->match_flags USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_PRODUCT)

            id->idProduct != le16_to_cpu(dev->descriptor.idProduct))

            continue;

            /* No need to test id->bcdDevice_lo != 0, since 0 is never greater than any unsigned number. */

            if ((id->match_flags USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_DEV_LO)

            (id->bcdDevice_lo > le16_to_cpu(dev->descriptor.bcdDevice)))

            continue;

            if ((id->match_flags USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_DEV_HI)

            (id->bcdDevice_hi le16_to_cpu(dev->descriptor.bcdDevice)))

            continue;

            if ((id->match_flags USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_DEV_CLASS)

            (id->bDeviceClass != dev->descriptor.bDeviceClass))

            continue;

            if ((id->match_flags USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_DEV_SUBCLASS)

            (id->bDeviceSubClass!= dev->descriptor.bDeviceSubClass))

            continue;

            if ((id->match_flags USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_DEV_PROTOCOL)

            (id->bDeviceProtocol != dev->descriptor.bDeviceProtocol))

            continue;

            //接口類

            if ((id->match_flags USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_INT_CLASS)

            (id->bInterfaceClass != intf->desc.bInterfaceClass))

            continue;

            //接口子類

            if ((id->match_flags USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_INT_SUBCLASS)

            (id->bInterfaceSubClass != intf->desc.bInterfaceSubClass))

            continue;

            //遵循的協(xié)議

            if ((id->match_flags USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_INT_PROTOCOL)

            (id->bInterfaceProtocol != intf->desc.bInterfaceProtocol))

            continue;

            return id;

            }

            return NULL;

            }

            從中可以看出,只有當(dāng)設(shè)備的接口類、接口子類、接口協(xié)議匹配時(shí)鼠標(biāo)驅(qū)動(dòng)才會(huì)調(diào)用probe方法。

            二、probe部分

            static int usb_mouse_probe(struct usb_interface * intf, const struct usb_device_id * id)

            {

            struct usb_device * dev = interface_to_usbdev(intf);

            struct usb_host_interface *interface;

            struct usb_endpoint_descriptor *endpoint;

            struct usb_mouse *mouse;

            int pipe, maxp;

            char path[64];

            interface = intf->cur_altsetting;

            /* 以下是網(wǎng)絡(luò)的一段對(duì)cur_altsettin的解釋,下面就借花獻(xiàn)佛。usb 設(shè)備有一個(gè)configuration 的概念,表示配置,一個(gè)設(shè)備可以有多個(gè)配置,但只能同時(shí)激活一個(gè),如:一些設(shè)備可以下載固件,或可以設(shè)置不同的全局模式,就像手機(jī)可以被設(shè)定為靜音模式或響鈴模式一樣。而這里又有一個(gè)setting,咋一看有些奇怪,這兩個(gè)詞不是一回事嗎.還是拿我們最熟悉的手機(jī)來(lái)打比方,configuration 不說(shuō)了,setting,一個(gè)手機(jī)可能各種配置都確定了,是振動(dòng)還是鈴聲已經(jīng)確定了,各種功能都確定了,但是聲音的大小還可以變吧,通常手機(jī)的音量是一格一格的變動(dòng),大概也就5,6 格,那么這個(gè)可以算一個(gè)setting 吧.這里cur_altsetting 就是表示的當(dāng)前的這個(gè)setting,或者說(shuō)設(shè)置??梢圆榭丛a中usb_interface 結(jié)構(gòu)定義的說(shuō)明部分。從說(shuō)明中可以看到一個(gè)接口可以有多種setting*/

            if (interface->desc.bNumEndpoints != 1)

            return -ENODEV;

            /*根據(jù)HID規(guī)則,期望鼠標(biāo)只有一個(gè)端點(diǎn)即中斷端點(diǎn)bNumEndpoints 就是接口描述符中的成員,表示這個(gè)接口有多少個(gè)端點(diǎn),不過(guò)這其中不包括0 號(hào)端點(diǎn),0號(hào)端點(diǎn)是任何一個(gè)usb 設(shè)備都必須是提供的,這個(gè)端點(diǎn)專門用于進(jìn)行控制傳輸,即它是一個(gè)控制端點(diǎn).正因?yàn)槿绱?所以即使一個(gè)設(shè)備沒有進(jìn)行任何設(shè)置,usb 主機(jī)也可以開始跟它進(jìn)行一些通信,因?yàn)榧词共恢榔渌亩它c(diǎn),但至少知道它一定有一個(gè)0號(hào)端點(diǎn),或者說(shuō)一個(gè)控制端點(diǎn)。

            */

            endpoint = interface->endpoint[0].desc;//端點(diǎn)0描述符,此處的0表示中斷端點(diǎn)

            if (!(endpoint->bEndpointAddress 0x80))

            return -ENODEV;

            /*先看bEndpointAddress,這個(gè)struct usb_endpoint_descriptor 中的一個(gè)成員,是8個(gè)bit,或者說(shuō)1 個(gè)byte,其中bit7 表示的是這個(gè)端點(diǎn)的方向,0 表示OUT,1 表示IN,OUT 與IN 是對(duì)主機(jī)而言。OUT 就是從主機(jī)到設(shè)備,IN 就是從設(shè)備到主機(jī)。而宏*USB_DIR_IN 來(lái)自

            *include/linux/usb_ch9.h

            * USB directions

            * This bit flag is used in endpoint descriptors' bEndpointAddress field.

            * It's also one of three fields in control requests bRequestType.

            *#define USB_DIR_OUT 0 /* to device */

            *#define USB_DIR_IN 0x80 /* to host */

            */

            if ((endpoint->bmAttributes 3) != 3)? //判斷是否是中斷類型

            return -ENODEV;

            /* bmAttributes 表示屬性,總共8位,其中bit1和bit0 共同稱為Transfer Type,即傳輸類型,即00 表示控制,01 表示等時(shí),10 表示批量,11 表示中斷*/

            pipe = usb_rcvintpipe(dev, endpoint->bEndpointAddress);//構(gòu)造中斷端點(diǎn)的輸入pipe

            maxp = usb_maxpacket(dev, pipe, usb_pipeout(pipe));

            /*跟蹤usb_maxpacket

            usb_maxpacket(struct usb_device *udev, int pipe, int is_out)

            {

            struct usb_host_endpoint *ep;

            unsigned epnum = usb_pipeendpoint(pipe);

            /*

            得到的自然就是原來(lái)pipe 里邊的15 至18 位.一個(gè)pipe 的15 位至18 位是endpoint 號(hào),(一共16 個(gè)endpoint,)所以很顯然,這里就是得到endpoint 號(hào)

            */

            if (is_out) {

            WARN_ON(usb_pipein(pipe));

            ep = udev->ep_out[epnum];

            } else {

            WARN_ON(usb_pipeout(pipe));

            ep = udev->ep_in[epnum];

            }

            if (!ep)

            return 0;

            /* NOTE:? only 0x07ff bits are for packet size... */

            return le16_to_cpu(ep->desc.wMaxPacketSize);

            }

            */

            //返回對(duì)應(yīng)端點(diǎn)能夠傳輸?shù)淖畲蟮臄?shù)據(jù)包,鼠標(biāo)的返回的最大數(shù)據(jù)包為4個(gè)字節(jié),

            第0個(gè)字節(jié):bit 0、1、2、3、4分別代表左、右、中、SIDE、EXTRA鍵的按下情況

            第1個(gè)字節(jié):表示鼠標(biāo)的水平位移

            第2個(gè)字節(jié):表示鼠標(biāo)的垂直位移

            第3個(gè)字節(jié):REL_WHEEL位移

            if (!(mouse = kmalloc(sizeof(struct usb_mouse), GFP_KERNEL)))

            return -ENOMEM;

            memset(mouse, 0, sizeof(struct usb_mouse));

            mouse->data = usb_buffer_alloc(dev, 8, SLAB_ATOMIC, mouse->data_dma);

            /*

            申請(qǐng)用于urb用于數(shù)據(jù)傳輸?shù)?U>內(nèi)存,注意:這里將返回“mouse->data”和“mouse->data_dma”

            mouse->data:記錄了用于普通傳輸用的內(nèi)存指針

            mouse->data_dma:記錄了用于DMA傳輸?shù)膬?nèi)存指針

            如果是DMA 方式的傳輸,那么usb core 就應(yīng)該使用mouse->data_dma

            */

            if (!mouse->data) {

            kfree(mouse);

            return -ENOMEM;

            }

            mouse->irq = usb_alloc_urb(0, GFP_KERNEL);

            if (!mouse->irq) {

            usb_buffer_free(dev, 8, mouse->data, mouse->data_dma);

            kfree(mouse);

            return -ENODEV;

            }

            mouse->usbdev = dev;

            mouse->dev.evbit[0] = BIT(EV_KEY) | BIT(EV_REL);

            //設(shè)置input系統(tǒng)響應(yīng)按鍵和REL(相對(duì)結(jié)果)事件

            mouse->dev.keybit[LONG(BTN_MOUSE)] = BIT(BTN_LEFT) | BIT(BTN_RIGHT) | BIT(BTN_MIDDLE);

            mouse->dev.relbit[0] = BIT(REL_X) | BIT(REL_Y);

            mouse->dev.keybit[LONG(BTN_MOUSE)] |= BIT(BTN_SIDE) | BIT(BTN_EXTRA);

            mouse->dev.relbit[0] |= BIT(REL_WHEEL);

            //設(shè)置input系統(tǒng)響應(yīng)的碼表及rel表

            mouse->dev.private = mouse;

            mouse->dev.open = usb_mouse_open;

            mouse->dev.close = usb_mouse_close;

            usb_make_path(dev, path, 64);

            sprintf(mouse->phys, "%s/input0", path);

            mouse->dev.name = mouse->name;

            mouse->dev.phys = mouse->phys;

            usb_to_input_id(dev, mouse->dev.id);

            /*

            usb_to_input_id(const struct usb_device *dev, struct input_id *id)

            {

            id->bustype = BUS_USB;

            id->vendor = le16_to_cpu(dev->descriptor.idVendor);

            id->product = le16_to_cpu(dev->descriptor.idProduct);

            id->version = le16_to_cpu(dev->descriptor.bcdDevice);

            }

            struct usb_device 中有一個(gè)成員struct usb_device_descriptor,而struct usb_device_descriptor 中的成員__u16 bcdDevice,表示的是制造商指定的產(chǎn)品的版本號(hào),制造商id 和產(chǎn)品id 來(lái)標(biāo)志一個(gè)設(shè)備.bcdDevice 一共16 位,是以bcd碼的方式保存的信息,也就是說(shuō),每4 位代表一個(gè)十進(jìn)制的數(shù),比如0011 0110 1001 0111 就代表的3697.

            業(yè)內(nèi)為每家公司編一個(gè)號(hào),這樣便于管理,比如三星的編號(hào)就是0x0839,那么三星的產(chǎn)品中就會(huì)在其設(shè)備描述符中idVendor 的烙上0x0839.而三星自己的每種產(chǎn)品也會(huì)有個(gè)編號(hào),和Digimax 410 對(duì)應(yīng)的編號(hào)就是0x000a,而bcdDevice_lo 和bcdDevice_hi 共同組成一個(gè)具體設(shè)備的編號(hào)(device release

            number),bcd 就意味著這個(gè)編號(hào)是二進(jìn)制的格式.

            */

            mouse->dev.dev = intf->dev;

            if (dev->manufacturer)

            strcat(mouse->name, dev->manufacturer);

            if (dev->product)

            sprintf(mouse->name, "%s %s", mouse->name, dev->product);

            if (!strlen(mouse->name))

            sprintf(mouse->name, "USB HIDBP Mouse %04x:%04x",

            mouse->dev.id.vendor, mouse->dev.id.product);

            usb_fill_int_urb(mouse->irq, dev, pipe, mouse->data,

            (maxp > 8 ? 8 : maxp),

            usb_mouse_irq, mouse, endpoint->bInterval);

            /*

            static inline void usb_fill_int_urb (struct urb *urb,

            struct usb_device *dev,

            unsigned int pipe,

            void *transfer_buffer,

            int buffer_length,

            usb_complete_t complete,

            void *context,

            int interval)

            {

            spin_lock_init(urb->lock);

            urb->dev = dev;

            urb->pipe = pipe;

            urb->transfer_buffer = transfer_buffer;//如果不使用DMA傳輸方式,則使用這個(gè)緩沖指針。如何用DMA則使用transfer_DMA,這個(gè)值會(huì)在后面單獨(dú)給URB賦

            urb->transfer_buffer_length = buffer_length;

            urb->complete = complete;

            urb->context = context;

            if (dev->speed == USB_SPEED_HIGH)

            urb->interval = 1 (interval - 1);

            else

            urb->interval = interval;

            urb->start_frame. = -1;

            }

            此處只是構(gòu)建好一個(gè)urb,在open方法中會(huì)實(shí)現(xiàn)向usb core遞交urb

            */

            mouse->irq->transfer_dma = mouse->data_dma;

            mouse->irq->transfer_flags |= URB_NO_TRANSFER_DMA_MAP;

            /*

            #define URB_NO_TRANSFER_DMA_MAP 0x0004? //urb->transfer_dma valid on submit

            #define URB_NO_SETUP_DMA_MAP??? 0x0008? //urb->setup_dma valid on submit

            , 這里是兩個(gè)DMA 相關(guān)的flag,一個(gè)是URB_NO_SETUP_DMA_MAP,而另一個(gè)是

            URB_NO_TRANSFER_DMA_MAP.注意這兩個(gè)是不一樣的,前一個(gè)是專門為控制傳輸準(zhǔn)備的,因?yàn)橹挥锌刂苽鬏斝枰羞@么一個(gè)setup 階段需要準(zhǔn)備一個(gè)setup packet。

            transfer_buffer 是給各種傳輸方式中真正用來(lái)數(shù)據(jù)傳輸?shù)?而setup_packet 僅僅是在控制傳輸中發(fā)送setup 的包,控制傳輸除了setup 階段之外,也會(huì)有數(shù)據(jù)傳輸階段,這一階段要傳輸數(shù)據(jù)還是得靠transfer_buffer,而如果使用dma 方式,那么就是使用transfer_dma.

            因?yàn)檫@里使用了mouse->irq->transfer_flags |= URB_NO_TRANSFER_DMA_MAP,所以應(yīng)該給urb的transfer_dma賦值。所以用了:

            mouse->irq->transfer_dma = mouse->data_dma;

            */

            input_register_device(mouse->dev);

            //向input系統(tǒng)注冊(cè)input設(shè)備

            printk(KERN_INFO "input: %s on %s", mouse->name, path);

            usb_set_intfdata(intf, mouse);

            /*

            usb_set_intfdata().的結(jié)果就是使得

            %intf->dev->driver_data= mouse,而其它函數(shù)中會(huì)調(diào)用usb_get_intfdata(intf)的作用就是把mouse從中取出來(lái)

            */

            return 0;

            }

            三、open部分

            當(dāng)應(yīng)用層打開鼠標(biāo)設(shè)備時(shí),usb_mouse_open將被調(diào)用

            static int usb_mouse_open(struct input_dev *dev)

            {

            struct usb_mouse *mouse = dev->private;

            mouse->irq->dev = mouse->usbdev;

            if (usb_submit_urb(mouse->irq, GFP_KERNEL))

            return -EIO;

            //向usb core遞交了在probe中構(gòu)建好的中斷urb,注意:此處是成功遞交給usb core以后就返回,而不是等到從設(shè)備取得鼠標(biāo)數(shù)據(jù)。

            return 0;

            }

            四、urb回調(diào)函數(shù)處理部分

            當(dāng)出現(xiàn)傳輸錯(cuò)誤或獲取到鼠標(biāo)數(shù)據(jù)后,urb回調(diào)函數(shù)將被執(zhí)行

            static void usb_mouse_irq(struct urb *urb, struct pt_regs *regs)

            {

            struct usb_mouse *mouse = urb->context;

            //在usb_fill_int_urb中有對(duì)urb->context賦值

            signed char *data = mouse->data;

            struct input_dev *dev = mouse->dev;

            int status;

            switch (urb->status) {

            case 0: /* success */

            break;

            case -ECONNRESET: /* unlink */

            case -ENOENT:

            case -ESHUTDOWN:

            return;

            /* -EPIPE:? should clear the halt */

            default: /* error */

            goto resubmit;

            }

            input_regs(dev, regs);

            input_report_key(dev, BTN_LEFT, data[0] 0x01);

            input_report_key(dev, BTN_RIGHT, data[0] 0x02);

            input_report_key(dev, BTN_MIDDLE, data[0] 0x04);

            input_report_key(dev, BTN_SIDE, data[0] 0x08);

            input_report_key(dev, BTN_EXTRA, data[0] 0x10);

            //向input系統(tǒng)報(bào)告key事件,分別是鼠標(biāo)LEFT、RIGHT、MIDDLE、SIDE、EXTRA鍵,

            static inline void input_report_key(struct input_dev *dev, unsigned int code, int value)中的value非0時(shí)表示按下,0表示釋放

            input_report_rel(dev, REL_X, data[1]);

            input_report_rel(dev, REL_Y, data[2]);

            input_report_rel(dev, REL_WHEEL, data[3]);

            //向input系統(tǒng)報(bào)告rel事件,分別是x方向位移、y方向位移、wheel值

            input_sync(dev);

            //最后需要向事件接受者發(fā)送一個(gè)完整的報(bào)告。這是input系統(tǒng)的要求。

            resubmit:

            status = usb_submit_urb (urb, SLAB_ATOMIC);

            //重新遞交urb

            if (status)

            err ("can't resubmit intr, %s-%s/input0, status %d",

            mouse->usbdev->bus->bus_name,

            mouse->usbdev->devpath, status);

            }

            五、應(yīng)用層測(cè)試代碼編寫

            在應(yīng)用層編寫測(cè)試鼠標(biāo)的測(cè)試程序,在我的系統(tǒng)中,鼠標(biāo)設(shè)備為/dev/input/event3. 測(cè)試代碼如下:

            /*

            * usb_mouse_test.c

            *by lht

            */

            #include stdio.h>

            #include sys/types.h>

            #include unistd.h>

            #include fcntl.h>

            #include linux/input.h>

            int main (void)

            {

            int fd,i,count;

            struct input_event ev_mouse[2];

            fd = open ("/dev/input/event3",O_RDWR);

            if (fd 0) {

            printf ("fd open failed");

            exit(0);

            }

            printf ("mouse opened, fd=%d",fd);

            while(1)

            {

            printf("...............................................");

            count=read(fd, ev_mouse, sizeof(struct input_event));

            for(i=0;i(int)count/sizeof(struct input_event);i++)

            {

            printf("type=%d",ev_mouse[i].type);

            if(EV_REL==ev_mouse[i].type)

            {

            printf("time:%ld.%d",ev_mouse[i].time.tv_sec,ev_mouse[i].time.tv_usec);

            printf(" type:%d code:%d value:%d",ev_mouse[i].type,ev_mouse[i].code,ev_mouse[i].value);

            }

            if(EV_KEY==ev_mouse[i].type)

            {

            printf("time:%ld.%d",ev_mouse[i].time.tv_sec,ev_mouse[i].time.tv_usec);

            printf(" type:%d code:%d value:%d",ev_mouse[i].type,ev_mouse[i].code,ev_mouse[i].value);

            }

            }

            }

            close (fd);

            return 0;

            }

            運(yùn)行結(jié)果如下:


            根據(jù)type、code、value的值,可以判斷出鼠標(biāo)的狀態(tài),具體值參考include/linux/input.h



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