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          EEPW首頁 > 嵌入式系統(tǒng) > 設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)用 > 內(nèi)核中的互斥之我見

          內(nèi)核中的互斥之我見

          作者: 時(shí)間:2006-12-12 來源:網(wǎng)絡(luò) 收藏

          /*e4gle:在我修改linux源代碼的過程中曾被大量的內(nèi)核互斥現(xiàn)象所困擾,這需要利用內(nèi)核鎖去解決,雖然最后大部分解決,但我覺得應(yīng)該留下些什么,也沒時(shí)間寫了,偶爾看見這位兄弟的文章,覺得正是我想整理的,所以拿出來給大家分享,關(guān)于bottom_half和中斷的問題,在tcp/ip半底中絕對不能對文件讀寫操作,不然就panic,恰恰我在linux中的增強(qiáng)功能就有這個(gè)操作,使我郁悶了很久,歡迎大家討論
            */
            內(nèi)核中的互斥之我見
            by wheelz

            看了前面各位的討論,我也有些想法,與大家商榷。
            需要澄清的是,互斥手段的選擇,不是根據(jù)臨界區(qū)的大小,而是根據(jù)臨界區(qū)的性質(zhì),以及 有哪些部分的代碼,即哪些內(nèi)核執(zhí)行路徑來爭奪。
            從嚴(yán)格意義上說,和spinlock_XXX屬于不同層次的互斥手段,前者的 實(shí)現(xiàn)有賴于后者,這有點(diǎn)象HTTP和TCP的關(guān)系,都是協(xié)議,但層次是不同的。
            先說,它是進(jìn)程級的,用于多個(gè)進(jìn)程之間對資源的互斥,雖然也是在 內(nèi)核中,但是該內(nèi)核執(zhí)行路徑是以進(jìn)程的身份,代表進(jìn)程來爭奪資源的。如果 競爭不上,會有context switch,進(jìn)程可以去sleep,但CPU不會停,會接著運(yùn)行 其他的執(zhí)行路徑。從概念上說,這和單CPU或多CPU沒有直接的關(guān)系,只是在 本身的實(shí)現(xiàn)上,為了保證semaphore結(jié)構(gòu)存取的原子性,在多CPU中需要spinlock來互斥。
            在內(nèi)核中,更多的是要保持內(nèi)核各個(gè)執(zhí)行路徑之間的數(shù)據(jù)訪問互斥,這是最基本的互斥問題,即保持?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)修改的原子性。semaphore的實(shí)現(xiàn),也要依賴這個(gè)。在單CPU中,主要是中斷和bottom_half的問題,因此,開關(guān)中斷就可以了。在多CPU中,又加上了其他CPU的干擾,因此需要spinlock來幫助。這兩個(gè)部分結(jié)合起來,就形成了spinlock_XXX。它的特點(diǎn)是,一旦CPU進(jìn)入了spinlock_XXX,它就不會干別的,而是一直空轉(zhuǎn),直到鎖定成功為止。因此,這就決定了被spinlock_XXX鎖住的臨界區(qū)不能停,更不能context switch,要存取完數(shù)據(jù)后趕快出來,以便其他的在空轉(zhuǎn)的執(zhí)行路徑能夠獲得spinlock。這也是spinlock的原則所在。如果當(dāng)前執(zhí)行路徑一定要進(jìn)行context switch,那就要在schedule()之前釋放spinlock,否則,容易死鎖。因?yàn)樵谥袛嗪蚥h中,沒有context,無法進(jìn)行context switch,只能空轉(zhuǎn)等待spinlock,你context switch走了,誰知道猴年馬月才能回來。
            因?yàn)閟pinlock的原意和目的就是保證數(shù)據(jù)修改的原子性,因此也沒有理由在spinlock 鎖住的臨界區(qū)中停留。
            spinlock_XXX有很多形式,有
            spin_lock()/spin_unlock(),
            spin_lock_irq()/spin_unlock_irq(),
            spin_lock_irqsave/spin_unlock_irqrestore()
            spin_lock_bh()/spin_unlock_bh()
            local_irq_disable/local_irq_enable
            local_bh_disable/local_bh_enable
            那么,在什么情況下具體用哪個(gè)呢?這要看是在什么內(nèi)核執(zhí)行路徑中,以及要與哪些內(nèi)核執(zhí)行路徑相互斥。我們知道,內(nèi)核中的執(zhí)行路徑主要有:
            1 用戶進(jìn)程的內(nèi)核態(tài),此時(shí)有進(jìn)程context,主要是代表進(jìn)程在執(zhí)行系統(tǒng)調(diào)用 等。
            2 中斷或者異?;蛘咦韵莸?,從概念上說,此時(shí)沒有進(jìn)程context,不能進(jìn)行
            context switch。
            3 bottom_half,從概念上說,此時(shí)也沒有進(jìn)程context。
            4 同時(shí),相同的執(zhí)行路徑還可能在其他的CPU上運(yùn)行。
            這樣,考慮這四個(gè)方面的因素,通過判斷我們要互斥的數(shù)據(jù)會被這四個(gè)因素中
            的哪幾個(gè)來存取,就可以決定具體使用哪種形式的spinlock。如果只要和其他CPU互斥,就要用spin_lock/spin_unlock,如果要和irq及其他CPU互斥,就要用
            spin_lock_irq/spin_unlock_irq,如果既要和irq及其他CPU互斥,又要保存EFLAG的狀態(tài),就要用spin_lock_irqsave/spin_unlock_irqrestore,如果要和bh及其他CPU互斥,就要用spin_lock_bh/spin_unlock_bh,如果不需要和其他CPU互斥,只要和irq互斥,則用local_irq_disable/local_irq_enable,
            如果不需要和其他CPU互斥,只要和bh互斥,則用local_bh_disable/local_bh_enable,
            等等。值得指出的是,對同一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)的互斥,在不同的內(nèi)核執(zhí)行路徑中,
            所用的形式有可能不同(見下面的例子)。
            舉一個(gè)例子。在中斷部分中有一個(gè)irq_desc_t類型的結(jié)構(gòu)數(shù)組變量irq_desc[],
            該數(shù)組每個(gè)成員對應(yīng)一個(gè)irq的描述結(jié)構(gòu),里面有該irq的響應(yīng)函數(shù)等。
            在irq_desc_t結(jié)構(gòu)中有一個(gè)spinlock,用來保證存取(修改)的互斥。
            對于具體一個(gè)irq成員,irq_desc[irq],對其存取的內(nèi)核執(zhí)行路徑有兩個(gè),一是
            在設(shè)置該irq的響應(yīng)函數(shù)時(shí)(setup_irq),這通常發(fā)生在module的初始化階段,或
            系統(tǒng)的初始化階段;二是在中斷響應(yīng)函數(shù)中(do_IRQ)。代碼如下:
            int setup_irq(unsigned int irq, struct irqaction * new)
            {
            int shared = 0;
            unsigned long flags;
            struct irqaction *old, **p;
            irq_desc_t *desc = irq_desc + irq;
            /*
            * Some drivers like serial.c use request_irq() heavily,
            * so we have to be careful not to interfere with a
            * running system.
            */
            if (new->flags SA_SAMPLE_RANDOM) {
            /*
            * This function might sleep, we want to call it first,
            * outside of the atomic block.
            * Yes, this might clear the entropy pool if the wrong
            * driver is attempted to be loaded, without actually
            * installing a new handler, but is this really a problem,
            * only the sysadmin is able to do this.
            */
            rand_initialize_irq(irq);
            }
            /*
            * The following block of code has to be executed atomically
            */
            [1] spin_lock_irqsave(desc->lock,flags);
            p = desc->action;
            if ((old = *p) != NULL) {
            /* Can't share interrupts unless both agree to */
            if (!(old->flags new->flags SA_SHIRQ)) {
            [2] spin_unlock_irqrestore(desc->lock,flags);
            return -EBUSY;
            }
            /* add new interrupt at end of irq queue */
            do {
            p = old->next;
            old = *p;
            } while (old);
            shared = 1;
            }
            *p = new;
            if (!shared) {
            desc->depth = 0;
            desc->status = ~(IRQ_DISABLED | IRQ_AUTODETECT | IRQ_WAITING);
            desc->handler->startup(irq);
            }
            [3] spin_unlock_irqrestore(desc->lock,flags);
            register_irq_proc(irq);
            return 0;
            }
            asmlinkage unsigned int do_IRQ(struct pt_regs regs)
            {
            /*
            * We ack quickly, we don't want the irq controller
            * thinking we're snobs just because some other CPU has
            * disabled global interrupts (we have already done the
            * INT_ACK cycles, it's too late to try to pretend to the
            * controller that we aren't taking the interrupt).
            *
            * 0 return value means that this irq is already being
            * handled by some other CPU. (or is disabled)
            */
            int irq = regs.orig_eax 0xff; /* high bits used in ret_from_ code */
            int cpu = smp_processor_id();
            irq_desc_t *desc = irq_desc + irq;
            struct irqaction * action;
            unsigned int status;
            kstat.irqs[cpu][irq]++;
            [4] spin_lock(desc->lock);
            desc->handler->ack(irq);
            /*
            REPLAY is when Linux resends an IRQ that was dropped earlier
            WAITING is used by probe to mark irqs that are being tested
            */
            status = desc->status ~(IRQ_REPLAY | IRQ_WAITING);
            status |= IRQ_PENDING; /* we _want_ to handle it */
            /*
            * If the IRQ is disabled for whatever reason, we cannot
            * use the action we have.
            */
            action = NULL;
            if (!(status (IRQ_DISABLED | IRQ_INPROGRESS))) {
            action = desc->action;
            status = ~IRQ_PENDING; /* we commit to handling */
            status |= IRQ_INPROGRESS; /* we are handling it */
            }
            desc->status = status;
            /*
            * If there is no IRQ handler or it was disabled, exit early.
            Since we set PENDING, if another processor is handling
            a different instance of this same irq, the other processor
            will take care of it.
            */
            if (!action)
            goto out;
            /*
            * Edge triggered interrupts need to remember
            * pending events.
            * This applies to any hw interrupts that allow a second
            * instance of the same irq to arrive while we are in do_IRQ
            * or in the handler. But the code here only handles the _second_
            * instance of the irq, not the third or fourth. So it is mostly
            * useful for irq hardware that does not mask cleanly in an
            * SMP environment.
            */
            for (;;) {
            [5] spin_unlock(desc->lock);
            handle_IRQ_event(irq, ®s, action);
            [6] spin_lock(desc->lock)

          本文引用地址:http://www.ex-cimer.com/article/258258.htm


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